You Searched For: ADIPOGEN CORP MS

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Neuregulin-4 (Nrg4) belongs to a small family of EGF-like (EGFL) domain-containing proteins that are synthesized as transmembrane precursors and undergo proteolytic cleavage. The EGF-like domain (aa 5-46) of Nrg4 (aa 1-53) directly binds to the receptors ErbB3 and 4. Nrg4 is a cold induced adipokine, highly expressed in adipose tissues and enriched in brown fat. It is increased during brown adipocyte differentiation and reduced in rodent and human obesity. It promotes neurite outgrowth and protects against diet-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis through attenuating hepatic lipogenic signaling. This hepatic effect of Nrg4 is mediated by ErbB3 and ErbB4 signaling that negatively regulates de novo lipogenesis mediated by LXR and SREBP1c. This effect of Nrg4 on fatty liver and insulin resistance could lead to the development of Nrg4 as an effective therapeutic biological for the treatment of NAFLD and type 2 diabetes. GST-Nrg4 (aa 1-53) recombinant protein has been shown to mimic the effect of endogenous secreted Nrg4 on liver lipogenesis.

Catalog Number: (102980-366)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: PARP-1 (ARTD1) is involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, by catalyzing the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of a limited number of acceptor proteins involved in chromatin architecture and in DNA metabolism. This modification follows DNA damages and appears as an obligatory step in a detection/signaling pathway leading to the reparation of DNA strand breaks. PARP-1 positively regulates the transcription of MTUS1 and negatively regulates the transcription of MTUS2/TIP150. It forms a complex with EEF1A1 and TXK that acts as a T-helper 1 (Th1) cell-specific transcription factor and binds the promoter of IFN-gamma to directly regulate its transcription, and is thus involved importantly in Th1 cytokine production. PARP-1 (E998K mutant) is an inactive form of PARP-1 which can be used as a control compound.

Catalog Number: (102980-370)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: GCN5 functions as a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) to promote transcriptional activation. Acetylation of histones gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcription activation. It has significant histone acetyltransferase activity with core histones, but not with nucleosome core particles. In case of HIV-1 infection, it is recruited by the viral protein Tat. It regulates Tat's transactivating activity and may help inducing chromatin remodeling of proviral genes. GCN5 is a component of the Ada Two-A containing (ATAC) complex, a complex with histone acetyltransferase activity on histones H3 and H4.

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Mouse vascular endothelial growth factor 164 (VEGF 164) is produced as a homodimer. It binds to the FLT1/VEGFR1 and KDR/VEGFR2 receptors, heparan sulfate and heparin. It is a specific mitogen for vascular endothelial cells and a strong angiogenic factor in vivo. In addition to its action as a mitogen it is a potent vascular permeability factor (VPF) in vivo and is also a chemoattractant for monocytes and endothelial cells. It induces endothelial cell proliferation, promotes cell migration, inhibits apoptosis and induces permeabilization of blood vessels. It may play a role in increasing vascular permeability during lactation, when increased transport of molecules from the blood is required for efficient milk protein synthesis.

Catalog Number: (102980-362)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: PARP-2 is involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, by catalyzing the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of a limited number of acceptor proteins involved in chromatin architecture and in DNA metabolism. This modification follows DNA damages and appears as an obligatory step in a detection/signaling pathway leading to the reparation of DNA strand breaks.

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: In recent years several groups have studied the sequence requirements, specificity, signaling pathways and kinetics of the TLR (Toll-like receptor) 9 suppression by inhibitory oligonucleotide motifs, which led to a class of novel inhibitory oligonucleotide (iODNs), that is independent of the previously thought species preference. Subsequently it has been discovered that telomeric DNA repeats (TTAGGG)n can block immune activation by CpG-ODNs. Short, 11-15 base long oligonucleotides were synthesized that were capable of potently inhibiting CpG-stimulation. The optimal inhibitory DNA motif consists of a pyrimidine-rich triplet, preferably CCT, which is positioned 5- to the GGG sequence in a singlestranded DNA molecule. Additionally, both the optimal spacing between the CCT and GGG motifs, as well as their relative order to each other, is of crucial importance for the inhibitory DNA action. Interestingly, although both TLR7/TLR8 ligands and bacterial DNA share the endosomal compartment for receptor binding and signal transduction, certain iODNs (G-type) suppress only TLR9-mediated activation, whereas prototype class I iODN may also interfere with the activation via the TLR7/TLR8 pathway. Recently, intriguing evidence has been presented that for some iODN classes the immuno-modulatory biological activity shows only limited sequence dependency or may not even involve TLR-mediated uptake and signaling pathways. For example iODNs of the class II are thought to act on immune activation through inhibition of STAT signaling and independent of TLR signaling via binding to a yet to be identified 'ODN-receptor'. Slightly modified phosphodiester versions of the most potent inhibitory ODNs were also able to profoundly block the immune activation of macrophages and just recently prove to be valuable tools for in vivo use in experimental animal models of inflammatory and auto-immune diseases. Based upon these recent insights the following classification for iODNs has been suggested: Class I: G-stretch ODNs: TLR9-specific competitors, some iODNs may also affect TLR7 and TLR8 signalingClass II: ODNs with telomeric repeats: TLR-independent inhibitors of STAT signaling (cellular uptake via an 'ODN receptor'?)Class III: Inhibitors of DNA uptake in a sequence independent mannerClass IV: Long phosphorothioate ODNs as direct competitors of TLR9 signaling in a sequence independent manner

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Activation of cells by LPS is mediated by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). For optimal interaction with LPS, TLR4 requires association with myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2). According to current consensus activation of TLR4 is preceded by the transfer of LPS to membrane-bound (m) or soluble (s) CD14 by LPS-binding protein (LBP). Re-form LPS and lipid A, but not S-form LPS, are capable of inducing TNF-alpha responses also in the absence of CD14. LPS, synthesized by most wild-type (WT) Gram-negative bacteria (S-form LPS), consists of three regions, the O-polysaccharide chain, which is made up of repeating oligosaccharide units, the core oligosaccharide and the lipid A, which harbors the endotoxic activity of the entire molecule. R-form LPS synthesized by the so-called rough (R) mutants of Gram-negative bacteria lacks the O-specific chain. Furthermore, the core-oligosaccharide may be present in different degrees of completion, depending on the class (Ra to Re) to which the mutant belongs. LPS are amphipathic molecules whose hydrophobicity decreases with increasing length of the sugar part. Based upon these differences, S- and R-form LPS show marked differences in the kinetics of their blood clearance and cellular uptake as well as in the ability to induce oxidative burst in human granulocytes and to activate the host complement system.

Catalog Number: (102978-624)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Apaf-1 is a cytoplasmic protein that forms one of the central hubs in the apoptosis regulatory network. It contains (from the N terminal) a caspase recruitment domain (CARD), an ATPase domain (NB-ARC), few short helical domains and then several copies of the WD40 repeat domain. Upon binding cytochrome c and dATP, this protein forms an oligomeric apoptosome, mediates the cytochrome c-dependent autocatalytic activation of pro-caspase-9 (Apaf-3), leading to the activation of caspase-3 and apoptosis.

Catalog Number: (102979-308)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: GARP (LRRC32) is a ~80kD transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on the cell surface of megakaryocytes, platelets and a subset of activated regulatory T (Treg) cells. It is essential for the surface expression of latent TGF-beta on platelets and activated FOXP3+ regulatory T cells.

Catalog Number: (102979-326)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Human CD137 (4-1BB) is expressed on activated T cells within 24-48 hours of activation. CD137 is a type I membrane protein and a member of the TNF receptor superfamily. CD137 appears to be important for T cell proliferation and survival and induces monocyte activation.

Catalog Number: (102979-300)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: CD274 (B7-H1; PD-L1; Programmed Death Ligand) is a member of the B7 family and is expressed on a variety of tissues including lymphoid cells. It plays an important role in regulation of T cell activation and is involved in progression of cancer, arthritis and HIV infection. CD274 binding to its receptor CD279 (PD-1) on activated T cells can decrease proliferation. Conversely, ligation of CD279 on primed T cells can stimulate IL-10 production. High levels of CD274 present in renal cell carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis. Tumor expressed CD274 can increase apoptosis of tumor specific T cells resulting in better tumor cell survival.

Catalog Number: (102979-288)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Thymidineglycol (TG) is one of the major oxidation products of DNA. Thymidine (T) can be damaged by oxidative stress such as radiation and energy metabolism. Two different pathways to form TG have been suggested. Deoxythymidine in DNA is directly oxidised by hydroxy radical, to form TG. TG can be also formed through an intermediate thymidine chlorohydrin, which is derived from hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from neutrophil myeloperoxidase. Thymidineglycol is derived from DNA, not from RNA. TG is the oxidative stress marker secific for DNA damage. In comparison with 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which is the best known DNA oxidation product it was shown that in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mouse liver, 8-OHdG can be stained within 24 hours after LPS treatment. TG can be detected within 6 hours, and remains at least for 72 hours.

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Endotoxin free buffer used for the dilution of TLRpure LPS and solubilisation of endotoxin-free reagents (e.g

Catalog Number: (102979-298)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Acrolein (ACR) is a representative carcinogenic aldehyde found ubiquitously in the environment and formed endogenously through oxidation reactions, such as lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidasecatalyzed amino acid oxidation. ACR is highly reactive aldehyde and reacts with lysine residue in protein. The reaction with ACR and lysine residue leads to the formation of numerous numbers of adducts, such as formyl-dehydropiperidino-lysine (FDP-lysine) type derivative.

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Wide range of tyrosine and serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor, including Syk, p56lck, PKA, PKC, MLCK, CDPK, JNK and PI3K. Inhibits the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5. Potent apoptosis inducer. Potent anticancer compound. Suppresses NF-kB activation through IkBalpha kinase inhibition. Activator of human deacetylase SIRT1 (sirtuin 1). Potent antioxidant with anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective properties. Neuoprotective. Adipogenesis inhibitor. Promotes glucose uptake, AMPK phosphorylation and GLUT4 translocation. Autophagy inducer

Catalog Number: (102987-220)

Supplier: Adipogen

Description: Insecticidal and cytotoxic. Potent NF-kappaB inhibitor. Inhibits various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha and nitric oxide (NO) in a variety of cell lines. ATP-competitive kinase inhibitor. Inhibits DNA damage checkpoint at G2, cyclin-dependent kinases CDK1/cyclin B, CDK2/cyclin A, CDK2/cyclin E, CDK4/cyclin D1, CDK5/p25, GSK-3beta and casein kinase 1 (CK1). Potent mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK-1) inhibitor. MARK (microtubule affinity-regulating kinase) inhibitor.