You Searched For: u0186

Catalog Number: (PAV1121)

Supplier: Promega Corporation

Description: MEK Inhibitor U0126 is a chemically synthesized organic compound that inhibits activation of MAPK (ERK 1/2) by inhibiting the kinase activity of MAP Kinase Kinase (MAPKK or MEK 1/2).

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Supplier: Thermo Scientific Chemicals

Description: Selective inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinases MEK-1 and MEK-2

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Catalog Number: (80054-912)

Supplier: MilliporeSigma

Description: A potent and specific inhibitor of MEK1 (IC50 = 72 nM) and MEK2 (IC50 = 58 nM).

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Supplier: Ambeed

Description: 2,3-Bis(amino((2-aminophenyl)thio)methylene)succinonitrile compound with ethanol (1:1), Purity: 98%, CAS Number: 1173097-76-1, Appearance: White to gray powder, Storage: Keep in dark place, Inert atmosphere, 2-8C, Size: 5MG

Catalog Number: (102466-922)

Supplier: Affymetrix, Inc.

Description: This MILAN8R monoclonal antibody recognizes human and mouse extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (also known as ERK1/2, p44/p42, or MAPK3/1) when phosphorylated on T202/Y204. ERK1/2 belong to a family of conserved serine/threonine protein kinases known as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that are involved in many cellular programs such as proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. ERK1/2 signaling is activated in response to numerous extracellular stimuli including mitogens, growth factors, and cytokines. The primary activators of ERK1/2 are MEK1 and MEK2 which act by phosphorylating the activation loop residues T202/Y204 and T185/Y187 in ERK1 and ERK2, respectively. Several downstream targets of ERK1/2 have been identified, including p90RSK and the transcription factor Elk-1. ERK1/2 are negatively regulated by MAPK phosphatases, known as DUSPs or MKPs, as well as by chemical inhibitors of MEK including U0126 and PD98059. Disruption of the ERK pathway is common in many types of cancer. Applications Reported: This MILAN8R antibody has been reported for use in intracellular staining followed by flow cytometric analysis, western blotting, immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections, immunohistochemical staining, and immunocytochemistry. (Fluorochrome conjugated MILAN8R is recommended for use in intracellular flow cytometry.). Applications Tested: This MILAN8R antibody has been tested by immunoblotting of stimulated Jurkat cells and can be used at less than or equal to 5 µg/mL. This MILAN8R antibody has been tested by immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded human tissue using low pH antigen retrieval and by immunocytochemistry of MeOH-fixed cells and can be used at less than or equal to 5 µg/mL. It is recommended that the antibody be carefully titrated for optimal performance in the assay of interest. ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways. When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates serine residue in 2 further kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.

Catalog Number: (102466-916)

Supplier: Affymetrix, Inc.

Description: The 5AD13MA monoclonal antibody recognizes human, mouse, and rat extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (also known as ERK1/2, p44/42, or MAPK3/1). ERK1/2 belong to a family of conserved serine/threonine protein kinases known as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that are involved in many cellular programs such as proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. The ERK1/2 signaling pathway can be activated in response to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli including mitogens, growth factors, and cytokines. The primary activators of ERK1/2 are MEK1 and MEK2 which activate p44 and p42 through phosphorylation of activation loop residues Thr202/Tyr204 and Thr185/Tyr187 in ERK1 and ERK2, respectively. Several downstream targets of ERK1/2 have been identified, including p90RSK and the transcription factor Elk-1. ERK1/2 are negatively regulated by MAPK phosphatases as well as by chemical inhibitors of MEK including U0126 and PD98059. The ERK pathway is disrupted in many types of cancer and thus is an important target for diagnosis and treatment. Applications Reported: This 5AD13MA antibody has been reported for use in western blotting, immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections, microscopy, immunohistochemical staining, and immunocytochemistry. Applications Tested: This 5AD13MA antibody has been tested by western blot analysis of reduced cell lysate prepared from human cells, by immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded human tissue using low pH antigen retrieval, and by immunocytochemistry of MeOH-fixed cells. This antibody can be used at less than or equal to 5 µg/mL. It is recommended that the antibody be carefully titrated for optimal performance in the assay of interest. ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways. When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates serine residue in 2 further kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.

Catalog Number: (102902-392)

Supplier: Affymetrix, Inc.

Description: Description: The 5AD13MA monoclonal antibody recognizes human, mouse, and rat extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (also known as ERK1/2, p44/42, or MAPK3/1). ERK1/2 belong to a family of conserved serine/threonine protein kinases known as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that are involved in many cellular programs such as proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. The ERK1/2 signaling pathway can be activated in response to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli including mitogens, growth factors, and cytokines. The primary activators of ERK1/2 are MEK1 and MEK2 which activate p44 and p42 through phosphorylation of activation loop residues Thr202/Tyr204 and Thr185/Tyr187 in ERK1 and ERK2, respectively. Several downstream targets of ERK1/2 have been identified, including p90RSK and the transcription factor Elk-1. ERK1/2 are negatively regulated by MAPK phosphatases as well as by chemical inhibitors of MEK including U0126 and PD98059. The ERK pathway is disrupted in many types of cancer and thus is an important target for diagnosis and treatment. Applications Reported: This 5AD13MA antibody has been reported for use in immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections, microscopy, and immunocytochemistry. Applications Tested: This 5AD13MA antibody has been tested by immunocytochemistry of methanol-fixed cells and can be used at less than or equal to 5 µg/mL. It is recommended that the antibody be carefully titrated for optimal performance in the assay of interest. Filter Recommendation: When using this eFluor®® 570 antibody conjugate, we recommend a filter that will capture the 570 emission wavelength (for example, Excitation 545/25, 565LP, Emission 605/70). A standard Alexa Fluor® 555 or TRITC filter is acceptable. Excitation: 555 nm; Emission: 570 nm ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways. When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates serine residue in 2 further kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.

Catalog Number: (102466-918)

Supplier: Affymetrix, Inc.

Description: The 5AD13MA monoclonal antibody recognizes human, mouse, and rat extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (also known as ERK1/2, p44/42, or MAPK3/1). ERK1/2 belong to a family of conserved serine/threonine protein kinases known as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that are involved in many cellular programs such as proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. The ERK1/2 signaling pathway can be activated in response to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli including mitogens, growth factors, and cytokines. The primary activators of ERK1/2 are MEK1 and MEK2 which activate p44 and p42 through phosphorylation of activation loop residues Thr202/Tyr204 and Thr185/Tyr187 in ERK1 and ERK2, respectively. Several downstream targets of ERK1/2 have been identified, including p90RSK and the transcription factor Elk-1. ERK1/2 are negatively regulated by MAPK phosphatases as well as by chemical inhibitors of MEK including U0126 and PD98059. The ERK pathway is disrupted in many types of cancer and thus is an important target for diagnosis and treatment. Applications Reported: This 5AD13MA antibody has been reported for use in western blotting, immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections, microscopy, immunohistochemical staining, and immunocytochemistry. Applications Tested: This 5AD13MA antibody has been tested by western blot analysis of reduced cell lysate prepared from human cells, by immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded human tissue using low pH antigen retrieval, and by immunocytochemistry of MeOH-fixed cells. This antibody can be used at less than or equal to 5 µg/mL. It is recommended that the antibody be carefully titrated for optimal performance in the assay of interest. ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways. When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates serine residue in 2 further kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.

Catalog Number: (102466-920)

Supplier: Affymetrix, Inc.

Description: This MILAN8R monoclonal antibody recognizes human and mouse extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (also known as ERK1/2, p44/p42, or MAPK3/1) when phosphorylated on T202/Y204. ERK1/2 belong to a family of conserved serine/threonine protein kinases known as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that are involved in many cellular programs such as proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. ERK1/2 signaling is activated in response to numerous extracellular stimuli including mitogens, growth factors, and cytokines. The primary activators of ERK1/2 are MEK1 and MEK2 which act by phosphorylating the activation loop residues T202/Y204 and T185/Y187 in ERK1 and ERK2, respectively. Several downstream targets of ERK1/2 have been identified, including p90RSK and the transcription factor Elk-1. ERK1/2 are negatively regulated by MAPK phosphatases, known as DUSPs or MKPs, as well as by chemical inhibitors of MEK including U0126 and PD98059. Disruption of the ERK pathway is common in many types of cancer. Applications Reported: This MILAN8R antibody has been reported for use in intracellular staining followed by flow cytometric analysis, western blotting, immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections, immunohistochemical staining, and immunocytochemistry. (Fluorochrome conjugated MILAN8R is recommended for use in intracellular flow cytometry.). Applications Tested: This MILAN8R antibody has been tested by immunoblotting of stimulated Jurkat cells and can be used at less than or equal to 5 µg/mL. This MILAN8R antibody has been tested by immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded human tissue using low pH antigen retrieval and by immunocytochemistry of MeOH-fixed cells and can be used at less than or equal to 5 µg/mL. It is recommended that the antibody be carefully titrated for optimal performance in the assay of interest. ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways. When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates serine residue in 2 further kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.

Catalog Number: (102978-070)

Supplier: Affymetrix, Inc.

Description: 5 to 10^8 cells/test. It is recommended that the antibody be carefully titrated for optimal performance in the assay of interest. Staining Protocol: We recommend using Protocol C: Two-step protocol: Fixation/Methanol. Protocol A: Two-step protocol: intracellular (cytoplasmic) proteins and Protocol B: One-step protocol: intracellular (nuclear) proteins cannot be used. All Protocols can be found in the Flow Cytometry Protocols: ""Staining Intracellular Antigens for Flow Cytometry Protocol"" located in the Best Protocols Section under the Resources tab online. Excitation: 488 nm; Emission: 519 nm; Laser: Blue Laser ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways. When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates serine residue in 2 further kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.

Catalog Number: (102978-068)

Supplier: Affymetrix, Inc.

Description: 5 to 10^8 cells/test. It is recommended that the antibody be carefully titrated for optimal performance in the assay of interest. Staining Protocol: We recommend using Protocol C: Two-step protocol: Fixation/Methanol. Protocol A: Two-step protocol: intracellular (cytoplasmic) proteins and Protocol B: One-step protocol: intracellular (nuclear) proteins cannot be used. All Protocols can be found in the Flow Cytometry Protocols: ""Staining Intracellular Antigens for Flow Cytometry Protocol"" located in the Best Protocols Section under the Resources tab online. Excitation: 488 nm; Emission: 519 nm; Laser: Blue Laser ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways. When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates serine residue in 2 further kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.

Catalog Number: (102469-256)

Supplier: Affymetrix, Inc.

Description: 5 to 10^8 cells/test. Staining Protocol: We recommend using Protocol C: Two-step protocol: Fixation/Methanol. Protocol A: Two-step protocol: intracellular (cytoplasmic) proteins and Protocol B: One-step protocol: intracellular (nuclear) proteins cannot be used. All Protocols can be found in the Flow Cytometry Protocols: ""Staining Intracellular Antigens for Flow Cytometry Protocol"" located in the Best Protocols Section under the Resources tab online. Excitation: 633-647 nm; Emission: 660 nm; Laser: Red Laser ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways. When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates serine residue in 2 further kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.

Catalog Number: (102469-254)

Supplier: Affymetrix, Inc.

Description: 5 to 10^8 cells/test. Staining Protocol: We recommend using Protocol C: Two-step protocol: Fixation/Methanol. Protocol A: Two-step protocol: intracellular (cytoplasmic) proteins and Protocol B: One-step protocol: intracellular (nuclear) proteins cannot be used. All Protocols can be found in the Flow Cytometry Protocols: ""Staining Intracellular Antigens for Flow Cytometry Protocol"" located in the Best Protocols Section under the Resources tab online. Excitation: 633-647 nm; Emission: 660 nm; Laser: Red Laser ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways. When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates serine residue in 2 further kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.

Catalog Number: (102468-068)

Supplier: Affymetrix, Inc.

Description: 5 to 10^8 cells/test. Protocols: We recommend using Protocol C: Two-step protocol: Fixation/Methanol. Protocol A: Two-step protocol: intracellular (cytoplasmic) proteins and Protocol B: One-step protocol: intracellular (nuclear) proteins cannot be used. All Protocols can be found in the ""Staining intracellular Antigens for Flow Cytometry Protocol"" located in the Best Protocols Section under the Resources tab online. PerCP-eFluor®® 710 emits at 710 nm and is excited with the blue laser (488 nm); it can be used in place of PerCP-Cy5®.5. We recommend using a 710/50 bandpass filter, however, the 695/40 bandpass filter is an acceptable alternative. Please make sure that your instrument is capable of detecting this fluorochrome. Fixation: Samples can be stored in IC Fixation Buffer (cat. 00-8222) (100 µL cell sample + 100 µL IC Fixation Buffer) or 1-step Fix/Lyse Solution (cat. 00-5333) for up to 3 days in the dark at 4 °C with minimal impact on brightness and FRET efficiency/compensation. Some generalizations regarding fluorophore performance after fixation can be made, but clone specific performance should be determined empirically. Excitation: 488 nm; Emission: 710 nm; Laser: Blue Laser ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways. When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates serine residue in 2 further kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.

Catalog Number: (102901-854)

Supplier: Affymetrix, Inc.

Description: 5 to 10^8 cells/test. Staining Protocol: We recommend using Protocol C: Two-step protocol: Fixation/Methanol. Protocol A: Two-step protocol: intracellular (cytoplasmic) proteins and Protocol B: One-step protocol: intracellular (nuclear) proteins cannot be used. All Protocols can be found in the Flow Cytometry Protocols: ""Staining Intracellular Antigens for Flow Cytometry Protocol"" located in the Best Protocols Section under the Resources tab online. Excitation: 488-561 nm; Emission: 578 nm; Laser: Blue Laser, Green Laser, Yellow-Green Laser ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways. When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates serine residue in 2 further kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.

Catalog Number: (102901-856)

Supplier: Affymetrix, Inc.

Description: 5 to 10^8 cells/test. Staining Protocol: We recommend using Protocol C: Two-step protocol: Fixation/Methanol. Protocol A: Two-step protocol: intracellular (cytoplasmic) proteins and Protocol B: One-step protocol: intracellular (nuclear) proteins cannot be used. All Protocols can be found in the Flow Cytometry Protocols: ""Staining Intracellular Antigens for Flow Cytometry Protocol"" located in the Best Protocols Section under the Resources tab online. Excitation: 488-561 nm; Emission: 578 nm; Laser: Blue Laser, Green Laser, Yellow-Green Laser ERK1 and ERK2 are widely expressed and are involved in the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors and transforming agents, activate the ERK1 and ERK2 pathways. When growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinase, Ras interacts with Raf, the serine/threonine protein kinase and activates it as well. Once actived, Raf phosphorylates serine residue in 2 further kinases, MEK1/2, which in turn phosphorylates tyrosine/threonine in extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Upon activation, the ERKs either phosphorylate a number of cytoplasmic targets or migrate to the nucleus, where they phosphorylate and activate a number of transcription factors such as c-Fos and Elk-1.